Property Rights and the Efficient Exploitation of Copyrighted Works: An Empirical Analysis of Public Domain and Copyrighted Fiction Bestsellers

By Paul J. Heald. Full text here.

Economists and policymakers have recently defended the extension of copyright protection to assure the efficient exploitation of existing works. They assert that works in the public domain may be underexploited due to the lack of property rights. This study compares the availability, number of editions, and prices of 166 public domain bestsellers published from 1913–1922 with 168 copyrighted bestsellers published from 1923–1932. It also compares the twenty most enduringly popular public domain works from 1913–1922 with the twenty most enduringly popular protected works from 1923–1932. A significantly higher percentage of the public domain books are still in print, with significantly more editions available per book, and for the subset of especially durable works, the public domain works are significantly less expensive. Although the data show that rates of availability for both kinds of books are likely sensitive to reductions in the cost of duplication and distribution, the study concludes that protection of fiction beyond the period necessary to ensure its creation is not justified by concerns about underexploitation.