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The Bogeyman of Environmental Regulation: Federalism, Agency Preemption, and the Roberts Court

By Kamaile A.N. Turčan | June 21, 2025

By KAMAILE A.N. TURČAN. Full Text. In a trio of environmental cases—West Virginia v. EPA, Sackett v. EPA, and Loper Bright v. Raimondo—the Roberts Court curtailed the federal regulatory power and produced corresponding deregulatory outcomes under seemingly neutral legal principles. This Article interrogates the doctrinal coherency of the Roberts Court’s jurisprudence by applying the rationales…

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Article

Filling the Sackett Gap: The Private Governance Option

By Michael P. Vandenbergh, Elodie O. Currier Stoffel, and Steph Tai | June 21, 2025

By MICHAEL P. VANDENBERGH, ELODIE O. CURRIER STOFFEL, and STEPH TAI. Full Text. The Supreme Court’s decision in Sackett v. EPA reversed fifty years of federal Clean Water Act wetlands protections and removed federal oversight from roughly half of the wetlands in the United States. This Article proposes a viable new conceptual model and tools…

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Article

The Impact of Loper Bright v. Raimondo: An Empirical Review of the First Six Months

By Robin Kundis Craig | June 21, 2025

By ROBIN KUNDIS CRAIG. Full Text. One of the most impactful decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2023–2024 term was Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, which overruled the forty-year-old administrative law doctrine of Chevron deference. This doctrine allowed federal agencies to interpret ambiguities in the statutes that they administer. Courts cited Chevron over 18,000 times…

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Article

Water Flowing Down Wall Street

By Vanessa Casado Pérez | June 21, 2025

By VANESSA CASADO PÉREZ. Full Text. Water scarcity is a perennial problem with dire consequences for the United States and governments around the world. A lack of adequate water resources is a systematic cause of environmental harm, economic damage, and societal division. Climate change has exacerbated these problems making water even more valuable and essential.…

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Article

The Four Horsemen of the New Separation of Powers: The Environmental Law Implications of West Virginia, Sackett, Loper Bright, and Corner Post

By Erin Ryan | June 21, 2025

By ERIN RYAN. Full Text. This Article explores how several of the Supreme Court’s most recent environmental decisions—West Virginia v. EPA, Sackett v. EPA, and Loper Bright v. Raimondo—will shift the constitutional balance of power, and how the polity might respond. Under the pretense of safeguarding legislative power, they consolidate judicial power to decide regulatory…

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Article

Catching Nutrients in a Net: Collective Action, Institutional Impediments, and the Mississippi River Watershed

By Jonathan Rosenbloom | June 21, 2025

By JONATHAN ROSENBLOOM. Full Text. Thousands of local governments in the Mississippi River watershed possess regulatory land use authority. From a narrow law and economics standpoint, when these entities extract from, add to, or pollute the watershed, it may appear as a classic tragedy of the commons problem. The tragedy sounds something like this: local…

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Article

Renewable Energy Federalism 2.0

By Danielle Stokes | June 21, 2025

By DANIELLE STOKES. Full Text. Much like climate change, the clean energy transition presents a “super wicked” problem that is further complicated by prioritizing justice. History has taught us that government regulation, industry innovation, and community engagement are the catalysts of effective transitions. Similarly, the just energy transition requires the support of these interconnected networks.…

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Article

The Clean Water Act and Avoidance Creep

By Jack H.L. Whiteley | June 21, 2025

By JACK H.L. WHITELEY. Full Text. In Sackett v. EPA, the Supreme Court set out a test for the Clean Water Act’s jurisdiction over wetlands. The Act, the Court held, protects only those wetlands that have a continuous surface connection to relatively permanent bodies of water like streams, rivers, and lakes. If the connection lies…

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Article

Environmental and Energy Regulation Reformation: Challenges and Solutions After West Virginia v. EPA, Sackett v. EPA, and Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo

By Shannon Schooley | June 21, 2025

By SHANNON SCHOOLEY. Full Text. A foreword to the symposium issue of Minnesota Law Review volume 109.

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Articles, Essays, & Tributes

The Bogeyman of Environmental Regulation: Federalism, Agency Preemption, and the Roberts Court

June 21, 2025

By KAMAILE A.N. TURČAN. Full Text. In a trio of environmental cases—West Virginia v. EPA, Sackett v. EPA, and Loper Bright v. Raimondo—the Roberts Court curtailed the federal regulatory power and produced corresponding deregulatory outcomes under seemingly neutral legal principles. This Article interrogates the doctrinal coherency of the Roberts Court’s jurisprudence by applying the rationales…

Filling the Sackett Gap: The Private Governance Option

June 21, 2025

By MICHAEL P. VANDENBERGH, ELODIE O. CURRIER STOFFEL, and STEPH TAI. Full Text. The Supreme Court’s decision in Sackett v. EPA reversed fifty years of federal Clean Water Act wetlands protections and removed federal oversight from roughly half of the wetlands in the United States. This Article proposes a viable new conceptual model and tools…

The Impact of Loper Bright v. Raimondo: An Empirical Review of the First Six Months

June 21, 2025

By ROBIN KUNDIS CRAIG. Full Text. One of the most impactful decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2023–2024 term was Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, which overruled the forty-year-old administrative law doctrine of Chevron deference. This doctrine allowed federal agencies to interpret ambiguities in the statutes that they administer. Courts cited Chevron over 18,000 times…

Water Flowing Down Wall Street

June 21, 2025

By VANESSA CASADO PÉREZ. Full Text. Water scarcity is a perennial problem with dire consequences for the United States and governments around the world. A lack of adequate water resources is a systematic cause of environmental harm, economic damage, and societal division. Climate change has exacerbated these problems making water even more valuable and essential.…

The Four Horsemen of the New Separation of Powers: The Environmental Law Implications of West Virginia, Sackett, Loper Bright, and Corner Post

June 21, 2025

By ERIN RYAN. Full Text. This Article explores how several of the Supreme Court’s most recent environmental decisions—West Virginia v. EPA, Sackett v. EPA, and Loper Bright v. Raimondo—will shift the constitutional balance of power, and how the polity might respond. Under the pretense of safeguarding legislative power, they consolidate judicial power to decide regulatory…

Renewable Energy Federalism 2.0

June 21, 2025

By DANIELLE STOKES. Full Text. Much like climate change, the clean energy transition presents a “super wicked” problem that is further complicated by prioritizing justice. History has taught us that government regulation, industry innovation, and community engagement are the catalysts of effective transitions. Similarly, the just energy transition requires the support of these interconnected networks.…

The Clean Water Act and Avoidance Creep

June 21, 2025

By JACK H.L. WHITELEY. Full Text. In Sackett v. EPA, the Supreme Court set out a test for the Clean Water Act’s jurisdiction over wetlands. The Act, the Court held, protects only those wetlands that have a continuous surface connection to relatively permanent bodies of water like streams, rivers, and lakes. If the connection lies…

Notes

Definite Convictions: United States v. Alt and the Seventh Circuit’s Prohibition on Defining “Beyond a Reasonable Doubt”

November 30, 2024

By SAMUEL BUISMAN. Full Text. The Seventh Circuit prohibits judges and attorneys from defining “beyond a reasonable doubt” to jurors. While United States v. Alt crystalized this prohibition in early 2023, the circuit has effectively banned definition of the phrase for much longer. Yet, a growing consensus of psychological research into the standard reveals that…

As Punishment for Arrests: Involuntary Servitude Under the Housekeeping Exception to the Thirteenth Amendment

November 30, 2024

By ELISSA BOWLING. Full Text. The Thirteenth Amendment reads: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Yet, in contemporary American jails and prisons, pretrial detainees have been forced to perform…

May Contain Peanuts, Eggs, and a “Natural” Solution: How to Challenge Food Manufacturers’ Harmful Use of Precautionary Allergen Labels

November 30, 2024

By JJ MARK. Full Text. Food allergies are one of the most pressing health issues of our time. Around thirty-three million Americans currently have food allergies, thirteen million of which are severe or life-threatening. These numbers continue to increase at alarming rates, with an estimated one in thirteen children being diagnosed with food allergies every…

Protecting Minnesota’s Whistleblowers: Ending the Application of McDonnell Douglas to the Minnesota Whistleblower Act

December 31, 2024

By EDDIE C. BRODY. Full Text. Whistleblowers are critical to society, speaking out to protect the public from corporate and government wrongdoing. Employers often retaliate against employees who speak out, attempting to deter employees from blowing the whistle. Whistleblower protection statutes seek to protect those who suffer from retaliation, providing a judicial remedy for whistleblowers.…

Forgotten Victims: Exploring the Right to Family Integrity as a Form of Redress for Children of Wrongfully Convicted Parents

December 31, 2024

By EMILY BYERS OLSON. Full Text. Almost five million children in the United States have had a parent incarcerated at some point in their lives. Children who grow up with an incarcerated parent face immense challenges, including mental health issues, problems at school, economic hardship, and the propensity to participate in criminal activity themselves. When…

“Key” Tam: Giving Teeth to Federal Data Security Enforcement

December 31, 2024

By BRANDON STOTTLER. Full Text. Data breaches wreak havoc on data-handling entities, weigh heavily on the minds and hearts of breach victims, and elude the efforts of regulators and scholars alike. Since 2005, declared the “Year of the Data Breach,” every year has seen an increase in the number and impact of breaches. Data breaches…

Asking the Right Questions: An Emergency Action Exception to the Major Questions Doctrine

April 30, 2025

By MARK HAGER. Full Text. Congress delegates broad discretionary power to administrative agencies to respond to emergency situations, taking advantage of their extraordinary expertise and response speed. Yet these delegations are defined by a judicial rule known as the “Major Questions Doctrine.” The Major Questions Doctrine seeks to protect the separation of powers by preventing…

Who Watches the Watchers?: FINRA, Self-Regulatory Organizations, and the Next Evolution of Appointment and Removal Jurisprudence

April 30, 2025

By HANS M. FRANK-HOLZNER. Full Text. There are private, non-profit corporations exercising significant executive power. Known as self-regulatory organizations (SROs) these non-governmental organizations make binding rules and sometimes enforce statutory law governing massive industries. One such SRO is the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). In 2022 alone, FINRA permanently barred 227 individuals and suspended 328…

Building Bridges: Queer Rights in and out of the Courts

May 25, 2025

By KAZ LANE. Full Text. It is unclear whether the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from differentiating between people based solely on their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. This Note analyzes the Supreme Court’s tiers of scrutiny—rational basis review, intermediate scrutiny, and strict scrutiny—to argue that a new suspect class is…

Headnotes

Commodification, Precarity, and Identity: A Review of Professor Bridget Crawford’s Taxing Sugar Babies

March 21, 2025

By TESSA DAVIS. Full text.

The Liminality of Transactional Relationships

March 21, 2025

By VICTORIA J. HANEMAN. Full Text.

Tax Talk and Taxing Sugar Babies

March 21, 2025

By BLAINE G. SAITO. Full Text.

John Roberts’ Supreme Court: The Triumph of Partisanship and Ideology Over Precedent

April 23, 2025

By DAVID SCHULTZ & JACOB BOURGAULT. Full Text.

Critical Curriculum Design: Teaching Law in an Age of Rising Authoritarianism

April 24, 2025

By RACHEL LÓPEZ. Full Text.

A Great American Gun Myth: Race and the Naming of the “Saturday Night Special”

May 29, 2024

By Jennifer L. Behrens and Joseph Blocher. Full Text. At a time when Second Amendment doctrine has taken a strongly historical turn and gun rights advocates have increasingly argued that gun regulation itself is historically racist, it is especially important that historical claims about race…

Refining the Dangerousness Standard in Felon Disarmament

June 10, 2024

By Jamie G. McWilliam. Full Text. To some, 18 U.S.C. 922(g) is a necessary safeguard that keeps guns out of the hands of dangerous persons. To others, it strips classes of non-violent people of their natural and constitutional rights. This statute makes it a crime…

“Proven” Safety Regulations: Massachusetts 1805 Proving Law As Historical Analogue for Modern Gun Safety Laws

June 10, 2024

By Billy Clark. Full Text. Concerned by the public health threats posed by certain firearms, the Massachusetts legislature enacts a law to set safety standards for firearms in the Commonwealth. Firearm dealers across the State, including some of the leading manufacturers of the day, not…

Curbing Gun Violence Under PLCAA and Bruen: State Attorney General–Driven Solutions to the Surging Epidemic

June 10, 2024

By David Lamb. Full Text. At the same time that the deadly toll of gun violence continues to grow in the U.S., now taking nearly 50,000 lives per year, federal lawmakers and courts have increasingly constrained government authorities’ tools for fighting the epidemic. Pursuant to…

De Novo Blog

Creating the Final Frontier

November 21, 2018

CREATING THE FINAL FRONTIER: NAVIGATING PROPERTY RIGHTS AMONG THE STARS By: Karthik Raman, Volume 103 Staff Member Introduction It has been more than fifty years since the beginning of the Space Race. The Soviet Union was fresh from victoriously launching the first person into space,…

Cy Pres-ing for Funding

November 21, 2018

Cy Pres-ing for Funding: How Frank v. Gaos May Affect the Funding of Minnesota’s Legal Services By: Lucas Curtis, Volume 103 Staff Member Legal Aid organizations provide free, essential legal services to low-income clients;[1] however, free services come at a price. Due to diminished resources and a high…

Scoot Back

November 7, 2018

SCOOT BACK: ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES POSED BY THE SUDDEN EMERGENCE OF THE E-SCOOTER INDUSTRY By: Alec Minea, Volume 103 Staff Member The scooter, the trendiest[1] and least efficient[2] transportation method of the early 2000s, experienced a glorious, evolutionary resurgence in 2018. Seemingly overnight, cities across the United…

Another ACA Lawsuit

November 3, 2018

ANOTHER ACA LAWSUIT: PRE-EXISTING CONDITIONS, THE DOJ, AND SEVERABILITY IN TEXAS V. U.S. By: Noah Steimel, Volume 103 Staff Member I. INTRODUCTION On June 7, 2018, the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a brief arguing that the courts should strike down the Affordable Care Act (ACA)’s…

Sticks And Stones And Permanent Muzzles

October 31, 2018

STICKS AND STONES AND PERMANENT MUZZLES: THE FIRST AMENDMENT AND THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS ON FUTURE SPEECH AFTER DEFAMATION TRIALS By: Connor Shaull, Volume 103 Staff Member A second chance is vital, especially regarding what we say. Indeed, an apology has followed some of…

Matchmaking Mishaps

October 31, 2018

MATCHMAKING MISHAPS: NCAA AMATEURISM AND COLLEGIATE ESPORTS By: Michael Arin,† Volume 103 Staff Member On August 15, 2017, ESPN announced that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”) is formally investigating its role in the collegiate esports[1] domain.[2]  By late November 2017, the NCAA contracted with…

To Have and To Hold Regardless of Consent?

April 3, 2018

TO HAVE AND TO HOLD REGARDLESS OF CONSENT?: WHY THE MODEL PENAL CODE’S SEXUAL ASSAULT PROVISIONS SHOULD NOT INCLUDE AN AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE FOR SPOUSES AND INTIMATE PARTNERS By: Grace Quintana, Volume 102 Staff Member The fight for the right to control the terms of marital…

Bush v. Gore

April 1, 2018

BUSH V. GORE: CAN THE SUPREME COURT’S MOST POLITICAL CASE PREVENT RUSSIAN HACKING OF VOTING MACHINES? By: Jakob Brecheisen, Volume 102 Staff Member Bush v. Gore[1] is nothing short of notorious.[2] Despite Justice Antonin Scalia admonishing Americans to “get over it,”[3] many continue to believe…

The Gymnasts’ Army in the Age of Viral Media

March 6, 2018

THE GYMNASTS’ ARMY IN THE AGE OF VIRAL MEDIA: VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENTS’ CULTURE-SHIFTING POTENTIAL By: Julia Wolfe, Volume 102 Staff Member “I thought that training for the Olympics would be the hardest thing that I would ever have to do. But, in fact, the hardest…

CFPB’s Independent Director

March 6, 2018

THE CFPB’S INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR STRUCTURE SURVIVES—FOR NOW By: Nick Kaylor, Volume 102 Staff Member The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) received a small victory on January 31, 2018, when an en banc panel of the D.C. Court of Appeals upheld 7-3 the agency’s single director…