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Major-Questions Lenity

By Joel S. Johnson | December 17, 2025

By JOEL S. JOHNSON. Full Text. Both the historic rule of lenity and the new major questions doctrine rest on a fundamental commitment to the separation of powers for important policy questions. In light of that shared justification, the logic of the major questions doctrine in the administrative-law context has much to offer lenity in…

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Article

The Economic Structure of Trade Secret Law

By Tun-Jen Chiang | December 17, 2025

By TUN-JEN CHIANG. Full Text. The standard economic account of trade secret law focuses on providing incentives for creating new inventions. The incentive-to-invent theory, however, provides little explanation for why the key doctrinal features of trade secret law are structured the way that they are. For example, providing ex ante incentives to invent does not…

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Article

Insurers as Contract Influencers

By David A. Hoffman & Rick Swedloff | December 17, 2025

By DAVID A. HOFFMAN & RICK SWEDLOFF. Full Text. Contract boilerplate degrading consumers’ litigation options is omnipresent, but a little mysterious. And that’s not just because no one reads it. We know that terms mandating arbitration, exculpating liability, requiring individualized litigation, and shifting risk have proliferated in the last generation. But consumer contracts’ production and…

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Article

Unwanted Pregnancy: Sex, Contraception, and the Limits of Consent

By Deborah Tuerkheimer | December 17, 2025

By DEBORAH TUERKHEIMER. Full Text. Rape exceptions to abortion bans, widely popular among the American electorate, are cleaved from a rule that defines pregnancy as the byproduct of choice. According to the logic of this rule and its remarkably limited exception, a person who is not raped consents to sex and therefore to the pregnancy…

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Note

Exempt but Not Immune: Why the Section 501(c)(3) Tax Exemption Amounts to Federal Financial Assistance and Demands that Private Schools Comply with Title IX

By Ellen Bart | December 17, 2025

By ELLEN BART. Full Text. Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance and ensures that federal funds are not used to support discriminatory practices. Independent, non-public, educational institutions try to escape compliance with Title…

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Note

Pressing Charges: Criminal Fees and the Excessive Fines Clause

By Annemarie Foy | December 17, 2025

By ANNEMARIE FOY. Full Text. Millions of people owe money to the government as a consequence of a criminal charge. But while some of that debt is tied to fines or restitution, much of it is levied as fees, or payments owed to the government for the administration of a defendant’s criminal proceedings. Criminal fees…

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Note

Immigration, Federalism, and the Invasion Clauses: Who Has a Seat at the Table in Disputes Over the State Power to Repel “Immigrant Invaders”

By Megan Niemitalo | December 17, 2025

By MEGAN NIEMITALO. Full Text. In Arizona v. United States, the Supreme Court famously invalidated an Arizona statute that criminalized immigration violations and empowered state officials to enforce immigration law. Arizona seemed to settle the issue of whether states can regulate immigration for the following decade. In the last year, however, questions around the division…

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Articles, Essays, & Tributes

Major-Questions Lenity

December 17, 2025

By JOEL S. JOHNSON. Full Text. Both the historic rule of lenity and the new major questions doctrine rest on a fundamental commitment to the separation of powers for important policy questions. In light of that shared justification, the logic of the major questions doctrine in the administrative-law context has much to offer lenity in…

The Economic Structure of Trade Secret Law

December 17, 2025

By TUN-JEN CHIANG. Full Text. The standard economic account of trade secret law focuses on providing incentives for creating new inventions. The incentive-to-invent theory, however, provides little explanation for why the key doctrinal features of trade secret law are structured the way that they are. For example, providing ex ante incentives to invent does not…

Insurers as Contract Influencers

December 17, 2025

By DAVID A. HOFFMAN & RICK SWEDLOFF. Full Text. Contract boilerplate degrading consumers’ litigation options is omnipresent, but a little mysterious. And that’s not just because no one reads it. We know that terms mandating arbitration, exculpating liability, requiring individualized litigation, and shifting risk have proliferated in the last generation. But consumer contracts’ production and…

Notes

Exempt but Not Immune: Why the Section 501(c)(3) Tax Exemption Amounts to Federal Financial Assistance and Demands that Private Schools Comply with Title IX

December 17, 2025

By ELLEN BART. Full Text. Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance and ensures that federal funds are not used to support discriminatory practices. Independent, non-public, educational institutions try to escape compliance with Title…

Pressing Charges: Criminal Fees and the Excessive Fines Clause

December 17, 2025

By ANNEMARIE FOY. Full Text. Millions of people owe money to the government as a consequence of a criminal charge. But while some of that debt is tied to fines or restitution, much of it is levied as fees, or payments owed to the government for the administration of a defendant’s criminal proceedings. Criminal fees…

Immigration, Federalism, and the Invasion Clauses: Who Has a Seat at the Table in Disputes Over the State Power to Repel “Immigrant Invaders”

December 17, 2025

By MEGAN NIEMITALO. Full Text. In Arizona v. United States, the Supreme Court famously invalidated an Arizona statute that criminalized immigration violations and empowered state officials to enforce immigration law. Arizona seemed to settle the issue of whether states can regulate immigration for the following decade. In the last year, however, questions around the division…

Headnotes

Volume 110: Fall Issue

Exceptional Cases

December 3, 2025

By EMILY CAUBLE. Full Text.

Machine Gun Funk: The Unusual Analysis of “Dangerous and Unusual”

December 3, 2025

By GREGORY S. PARKS & VIVIAN BOLEN. Full Text.

Nipping it in the Bud: The Promise and Perils of Tort Litigation in Addressing the Health Harms of High-THC Products

December 3, 2025

By REBEKAH NINAN. Full Text.

Volume 108: Symposium Supplement

A Great American Gun Myth: Race and the Naming of the “Saturday Night Special”

May 29, 2024

By Jennifer L. Behrens and Joseph Blocher. Full Text. At a time when Second Amendment doctrine has taken a strongly historical turn and gun rights advocates have increasingly argued that gun regulation itself is historically racist, it is especially important that historical claims about race…

Refining the Dangerousness Standard in Felon Disarmament

June 10, 2024

By Jamie G. McWilliam. Full Text. To some, 18 U.S.C. 922(g) is a necessary safeguard that keeps guns out of the hands of dangerous persons. To others, it strips classes of non-violent people of their natural and constitutional rights. This statute makes it a crime…

“Proven” Safety Regulations: Massachusetts 1805 Proving Law As Historical Analogue for Modern Gun Safety Laws

June 10, 2024

By Billy Clark. Full Text. Concerned by the public health threats posed by certain firearms, the Massachusetts legislature enacts a law to set safety standards for firearms in the Commonwealth. Firearm dealers across the State, including some of the leading manufacturers of the day, not…

Curbing Gun Violence Under PLCAA and Bruen: State Attorney General–Driven Solutions to the Surging Epidemic

June 10, 2024

By David Lamb. Full Text. At the same time that the deadly toll of gun violence continues to grow in the U.S., now taking nearly 50,000 lives per year, federal lawmakers and courts have increasingly constrained government authorities’ tools for fighting the epidemic. Pursuant to…

De Novo Blog

The H-4 Dreamers

March 5, 2018

THE H-4 DREAMERS: PROVIDING A FUTURE FOR THE CHILDREN OF H-1B VISA HOLDERS By: Frances Fink, Volume 102 Staff Member In September 2017, President Donald Trump ordered an end to the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program (“DACA”).[1] The program provided protection from deportation for…

From Bulbs to Bitcoins

March 5, 2018

FROM BULBS TO BITCOINS: THE LEGALITY OF CORPORATE BANKING RESTRICTIONS ON CREDIT CARD CRYPTO-CURRENCY PURCHASES By: Peter G. Economou, Vol. 102 Staff Member The modern world is one of exponential technological innovation and growth. From drone delivery services and autonomous vehicles, to artificially intelligent personal…

Waiting on You, SEC

March 4, 2018

WAITING ON YOU, SEC: ARE CRYPTOCURRENCIES SECURITIES OR NOT? By: William Paterson, Volume 102 Staff Member Love it or hate it, cryptocurrency[1] is likely here to stay. Although confusing to many, entirely unknown to some, or disdained by others, cryptocurrencies have found a niche.[2] This…

Net Neutrality

February 28, 2018

NET NEUTRALITY: A SOLUTION TO A PROBLEM OR A SOLUTION IN SEARCH OF A PROBLEM? By: Tash Bottum, Volume 102 Staff Member The internet is everywhere. The last two decades have seen extraordinary growth in internet use, investment and innovation.[1] In order to ensure continual…

Clearinghouses

February 28, 2018

CLEARING HOUSES: THE ROAD MORE TRAVELLED[1] By: James Patterson, Volume 102 Staff Member Imagine two roads running through a rural county. One is ungraded, dark, and winding. The other is straight, well lit, and nicely paved. Imagine also that the county’s roads have tolls that…

Of T-Shirts and Tea Parties

February 27, 2018

OF T-SHIRTS AND TEA PARTIES: MINNESOTA VOTERS ALLIANCE V. MANSKY AND THE MEANING OF “POLITICAL” By: David A. LaBerge, Volume 102 Staff Member In Minnesota, wearing political clothing to a polling place can land you a petty misdemeanor and keep you from casting your vote.[1]…

Unlocking Fifth Amendment Considerations in State v. Diamond

February 23, 2018

UNLOCKING FIFTH AMENDMENT CONSIDERATIONS IN STATE V. DIAMOND: WHY REMOVING THE FINGERPRINT PASSWORD CAPABILITY ON YOUR CELL PHONE IS IN YOUR BEST INTEREST By: Jordan Dritz, Volume 102 Staff Member In the age of smart phones, people regularly protect content on their devices through passcodes.…

What Trump Can Learn from Tricky Dick

February 20, 2018

WHAT TRUMP CAN LEARN FROM TRICKY DICK: AN OVERVIEW OF WHETHER THE PRESIDENT CAN FIRE SPECIAL COUNSEL ROBERT MUELLER By: Robert Wild, Volume 102 Staff Member It has been rumored over the past few months that President Donald Trump has considered firing Special Counsel Robert…

“O Vengeance!—Why What an Ass Am I?”

February 20, 2018

“O VENGEANCE!—WHY WHAT AN ASS AM I?”[1]: LOOKING PAST THE REVENGE PLOT OF THE AT&T-TIME WARNER MERGER By: Derek Waller, Volume 102 Staff Member Even before the Department of Justice (DOJ) sued to block the AT&T’s merger with Time Warner (CNN’s parent company), reporters and…

Too Much Information?

February 16, 2018

TOO MUCH INFORMATION? BALANCING DISCLOSURE AND PRIVACY INTERESTS IN MAKING DOMESTIC ABUSE A MATTER OF PUBLIC RECORD By: April Will, Volume 102 Staff Member In the modern age of internet and “app” dating, anyone can fire up a Google search and evaluate a potential partner.…