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Major-Questions Lenity

By Joel S. Johnson | December 17, 2025

By JOEL S. JOHNSON. Full Text. Both the historic rule of lenity and the new major questions doctrine rest on a fundamental commitment to the separation of powers for important policy questions. In light of that shared justification, the logic of the major questions doctrine in the administrative-law context has much to offer lenity in…

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Article

The Economic Structure of Trade Secret Law

By Tun-Jen Chiang | December 17, 2025

By TUN-JEN CHIANG. Full Text. The standard economic account of trade secret law focuses on providing incentives for creating new inventions. The incentive-to-invent theory, however, provides little explanation for why the key doctrinal features of trade secret law are structured the way that they are. For example, providing ex ante incentives to invent does not…

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Article

Insurers as Contract Influencers

By David A. Hoffman & Rick Swedloff | December 17, 2025

By DAVID A. HOFFMAN & RICK SWEDLOFF. Full Text. Contract boilerplate degrading consumers’ litigation options is omnipresent, but a little mysterious. And that’s not just because no one reads it. We know that terms mandating arbitration, exculpating liability, requiring individualized litigation, and shifting risk have proliferated in the last generation. But consumer contracts’ production and…

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Article

Unwanted Pregnancy: Sex, Contraception, and the Limits of Consent

By Deborah Tuerkheimer | December 17, 2025

By DEBORAH TUERKHEIMER. Full Text. Rape exceptions to abortion bans, widely popular among the American electorate, are cleaved from a rule that defines pregnancy as the byproduct of choice. According to the logic of this rule and its remarkably limited exception, a person who is not raped consents to sex and therefore to the pregnancy…

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Note

Exempt but Not Immune: Why the Section 501(c)(3) Tax Exemption Amounts to Federal Financial Assistance and Demands that Private Schools Comply with Title IX

By Ellen Bart | December 17, 2025

By ELLEN BART. Full Text. Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance and ensures that federal funds are not used to support discriminatory practices. Independent, non-public, educational institutions try to escape compliance with Title…

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Note

Pressing Charges: Criminal Fees and the Excessive Fines Clause

By Annemarie Foy | December 17, 2025

By ANNEMARIE FOY. Full Text. Millions of people owe money to the government as a consequence of a criminal charge. But while some of that debt is tied to fines or restitution, much of it is levied as fees, or payments owed to the government for the administration of a defendant’s criminal proceedings. Criminal fees…

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Note

Immigration, Federalism, and the Invasion Clauses: Who Has a Seat at the Table in Disputes Over the State Power to Repel “Immigrant Invaders”

By Megan Niemitalo | December 17, 2025

By MEGAN NIEMITALO. Full Text. In Arizona v. United States, the Supreme Court famously invalidated an Arizona statute that criminalized immigration violations and empowered state officials to enforce immigration law. Arizona seemed to settle the issue of whether states can regulate immigration for the following decade. In the last year, however, questions around the division…

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Articles, Essays, & Tributes

Major-Questions Lenity

December 17, 2025

By JOEL S. JOHNSON. Full Text. Both the historic rule of lenity and the new major questions doctrine rest on a fundamental commitment to the separation of powers for important policy questions. In light of that shared justification, the logic of the major questions doctrine in the administrative-law context has much to offer lenity in…

The Economic Structure of Trade Secret Law

December 17, 2025

By TUN-JEN CHIANG. Full Text. The standard economic account of trade secret law focuses on providing incentives for creating new inventions. The incentive-to-invent theory, however, provides little explanation for why the key doctrinal features of trade secret law are structured the way that they are. For example, providing ex ante incentives to invent does not…

Insurers as Contract Influencers

December 17, 2025

By DAVID A. HOFFMAN & RICK SWEDLOFF. Full Text. Contract boilerplate degrading consumers’ litigation options is omnipresent, but a little mysterious. And that’s not just because no one reads it. We know that terms mandating arbitration, exculpating liability, requiring individualized litigation, and shifting risk have proliferated in the last generation. But consumer contracts’ production and…

Notes

Exempt but Not Immune: Why the Section 501(c)(3) Tax Exemption Amounts to Federal Financial Assistance and Demands that Private Schools Comply with Title IX

December 17, 2025

By ELLEN BART. Full Text. Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance and ensures that federal funds are not used to support discriminatory practices. Independent, non-public, educational institutions try to escape compliance with Title…

Pressing Charges: Criminal Fees and the Excessive Fines Clause

December 17, 2025

By ANNEMARIE FOY. Full Text. Millions of people owe money to the government as a consequence of a criminal charge. But while some of that debt is tied to fines or restitution, much of it is levied as fees, or payments owed to the government for the administration of a defendant’s criminal proceedings. Criminal fees…

Immigration, Federalism, and the Invasion Clauses: Who Has a Seat at the Table in Disputes Over the State Power to Repel “Immigrant Invaders”

December 17, 2025

By MEGAN NIEMITALO. Full Text. In Arizona v. United States, the Supreme Court famously invalidated an Arizona statute that criminalized immigration violations and empowered state officials to enforce immigration law. Arizona seemed to settle the issue of whether states can regulate immigration for the following decade. In the last year, however, questions around the division…

Headnotes

Volume 110: Fall Issue

Exceptional Cases

December 3, 2025

By EMILY CAUBLE. Full Text.

Machine Gun Funk: The Unusual Analysis of “Dangerous and Unusual”

December 3, 2025

By GREGORY S. PARKS & VIVIAN BOLEN. Full Text.

Nipping it in the Bud: The Promise and Perils of Tort Litigation in Addressing the Health Harms of High-THC Products

December 3, 2025

By REBEKAH NINAN. Full Text.

Volume 108: Symposium Supplement

A Great American Gun Myth: Race and the Naming of the “Saturday Night Special”

May 29, 2024

By Jennifer L. Behrens and Joseph Blocher. Full Text. At a time when Second Amendment doctrine has taken a strongly historical turn and gun rights advocates have increasingly argued that gun regulation itself is historically racist, it is especially important that historical claims about race…

Refining the Dangerousness Standard in Felon Disarmament

June 10, 2024

By Jamie G. McWilliam. Full Text. To some, 18 U.S.C. 922(g) is a necessary safeguard that keeps guns out of the hands of dangerous persons. To others, it strips classes of non-violent people of their natural and constitutional rights. This statute makes it a crime…

“Proven” Safety Regulations: Massachusetts 1805 Proving Law As Historical Analogue for Modern Gun Safety Laws

June 10, 2024

By Billy Clark. Full Text. Concerned by the public health threats posed by certain firearms, the Massachusetts legislature enacts a law to set safety standards for firearms in the Commonwealth. Firearm dealers across the State, including some of the leading manufacturers of the day, not…

Curbing Gun Violence Under PLCAA and Bruen: State Attorney General–Driven Solutions to the Surging Epidemic

June 10, 2024

By David Lamb. Full Text. At the same time that the deadly toll of gun violence continues to grow in the U.S., now taking nearly 50,000 lives per year, federal lawmakers and courts have increasingly constrained government authorities’ tools for fighting the epidemic. Pursuant to…

De Novo Blog

SOVEREIGN CITIZENS: SITTING ON THE DOCKET ALL DAY, WASTING TIME

March 2, 2022

By: Calvin Lee, Volume 106 Staff Member Sovereign Citizens: a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma. The once-isolated political sect has ballooned to over 300,000 followers, and the rapid proliferation of their pseudo-legal ideologies is severely compromising court efficiency.[1] Sovereign Citizens’ abject refusal…

THE FINAL WHISTLE FOR AMATEURISM: NCAA AND ANTITRUST

March 1, 2022

By: Adler Pierce, Volume 106 Staff Member An amateur, as defined by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), “is someone who does not have a written or verbal agreement with an agent, has not profited above his/her actual and necessary expenses or gained a competitive…

A HARD PILL TO SWALLOW: PURDUE PHARMA AND THE FUTURE OF THIRD-PARTY RELEASES IN BANKRUPTCY COURT

February 28, 2022

By: Marine Loison, Volume 106 Staff Member I. INTRODUCTION The Sackler name has been synonymous with the opioid crisis in the United States. Now, it has also become a household name in Bankruptcy Court.[1] On December 16th, 2021, Judge McMahon answered the “great unsettled question” of…

EXEMPTING THE FAMILY BIBLE: WITH LIBERTY AND JUSTICE FOR ALL (VALUES AND RELIGIOUS TEXTS)?

February 23, 2022

By: Kaylyn Stanek, Volume 106 Staff Member A primary justification for the U.S. consumer bankruptcy system is giving debtors a fresh start.[1] Although one might assume an individual must exchange all of their assets in exchange for moving forward, this is not true. The Bankruptcy…

A PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY SHOULD NOT BE ABUSED: HUISHA-HUISHA v. ALEJANDRO MAYORKAS SHOWS THE ILLEGALITY OF TITLE 42 POLICY

February 22, 2022

By: Xiaoyuan Zhou, Volume 106 Staff Member On January 19, 2022, the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit heard oral argument in Nancy Huisha-Huisha v. Alejandro Mayorkas.[1] The case is about whether the public health laws under 42 U.S.C. § 265, often referred to…

A KNIGHT’S REVOLT AGAINST THE CASTLE: ANSWERING THE BIPA CLAIM ACCRUAL QUESTION

February 21, 2022

By: Zach Robole, Volume 106 Staff Member The inability of our legislatures to keep up with the boom of Internet technology has forced a conversation about privacy to the forefront of American discourse.[1] Unfortunately, even when state or federal legislatures do attempt to regulate a…

OMICRON V. OSHA: THE NEED FOR PERMANENT MEASURES TO HELP EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES MANAGE THE PANDEMIC SAFELY

February 15, 2022

By: Ayesha Mitha, Volume 106 Staff Member On January 13, 2022, the United States Supreme Court dealt a blow to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA’s) Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) for large employers. The decision put the ETS on hold indefinitely.[1] Among other things,…

CLIMATE V. THE COURT: HOW WEST VIRGINIA V. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WILL IMPACT THE NEXT GENERATIONS

February 9, 2022

By: Helen Winters, Volume 106 Staff Member This Supreme Court term has so many high-profile cases, ranging from abortion to gun rights to vaccines, that West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency has received little attention.[1] The number of landmark cases this term could make it…

NO WORKING FORUMS: HOW THE SUPREME COURT SHOULD RULE IN VIKING RIVER CRUISES, INC. v. MORIANA TO PROTECT EMPLOYEE RIGHTS

February 8, 2022

By: Ben Parker, Volume 106 Staff Member Employers and employees have had a tumultuous relationship over the course of recent American history.[1] One change was the rise in arbitration after the passage of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) in 1926. The FAA permits employees and…

IT’S THE ONES YOU LEAST EXPECT: COLORADO AND CALIFORNIA LAG BEHIND IN PROTECTING EMPLOYEES’ OFF-DUTY MEDICAL MARIJUANA USE

February 7, 2022

By: Andrew Eggers, Volume 106 Staff Member In 2021, both New York[1] and New Jersey[2] joined the growing number of states which offer employment protections for workers engaging in legal, off-duty medical marijuana consumption. Conspicuously, two pioneering states of legal marijuana use—Colorado and California—remain absent…